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Nevertheless, the small thin deep water types and the large heavy specimen may belong to the same species as similar
differences occur also in the allied Erosaria labrolineata Gaskoin 1849. Moreover, the Japanese maturata Kira, 1959 (Colour.
Illustr. Shells Japan, 2. ea., p. 47, pl. 19, fig. 11) which had been called cernica Sowerby by Hirase 1934 (Collect. Japan.
Shells, pl. 64, fig. 7), also may belong to the same race; I possess two specimens: 22(65)20:18 from "Southern Japan"
(unknown dealer) and 26(62)20:16 from Chiba Prefecture (P. W. Clover), and I have examined two more shells in coll. Ray
Summers: 21(64)21:16 and 25(60)22:16, both coming from Japan or Okinawa Is. These Japanese shells hardly can be distinguished
from the Philippines representatives called marielae Cate, 1960 (Veliger 3, p. 3, pl. 1, fig. 1-2) from Maui and Oahu, which
also spreads to Pearl and Hermes Reef (31(58)22:18 in coll. Ted Dranga) and to Midway Is. (27(59) 20:20 in coll. Burgess) as
well as to Baker Is. (Veliger 3, p. 5, pl. 1, fig. 4). This North Pacific race ogasawarensis Schilder 1944 is closely allied
to the South Pacific tomlini Schilder 1930, which ranges from New Caledonia to Kermadec Is. and N.S. Wales, as percomis
Iredale, 1931, prodiga Iredale 1939, and kermadecensis Powell 1958 hardly are separable as geographical races; the two Indian
races, viridicolor Cate 1962 from North West Australia and the typical cernica Sowerby, 1870 from Lemuria (possibly ranging
to Natal: in a fish's stomach according to Boswell, 1963, The Cowry 1, p. 79) are more distinctly separable.
The discontinuous areas inhabited by these races of cernica stretch around on the borders of the continuous area inhabited by
Erosaria labrolineata Gaskoin 1849, which differs from cernica chiefly by the narrower fossula and the conspicuous terminal
blotches; this fact which has been shown in the appended map, surprisingly recalls the curious encirclement of the Malayan to
North Australian Erronea pyriformis Gray, 1824 by the three races of E. pulchella Swainson, 1823: the Chinese pulchella, the
Melanesian novaebritanniae Schilder & Schilder 1937, and the Arabian pericalles Melvill & Standen 1904.
Johnston Island is a tiny Pacific atoll, 780 nautical miles southwest from Honolulu. It has never been "collected" by anyone
seriously interested in shells since the submarine Whipoorwill (or Tanager) visited it for a few hours in 1921. So when I had
an opportunity to relieve the resident physician for a few days, in January of 1964, I jumped at the chance.
...
At 11:00 A.M. January 11, I accompanied the resident physician to Sand Island (or Eastern Island) where swimming was not
banned, to give some inoculations. Snorkel, mask, and fins were taken along, just in case!! Fortunately, things worked out
fine. During a short swim I missed the boat back to Johnston and was forced to stay all afternoon! The time was put to good
use. Accompanied by three of the United States Coast Guard boys and an ornithologist from the Smithsonian, I spent about four
hours in the warm water. We found no live shells, but we did find semifossil Cypraea tessellata and Cypraea granulata, for
the first time to my knowledge outside the Philippines chain.
Eastern Island, incidentally, is the home of 280,000 sea birds, including sooty terns, frigate birds, and shearwaters. There
is a complicated tower there, braced with thin wires which kill 20 a night. Apparently these open-water species have never
developed any radar. The ornithologist figures this as not so high a mortality as to endanger the species, since half the
birds lay eggs, and the hatch is high. The balloons on the male frigate birds' chins were about the same color as my back was
when I got out of the water -- deep red!
The year 1758 marked the beginning of a whole new era of systematic enlightenment. Linnaeus introduced for the first time an
orderly arrangement for the animal kingdom, among them the mollusca in general and the Cypraea in particular. He enunciated
the first acceptable principles for defining species and genera, and this, with his suggestion for a simple binomial
nomenclature, resulted in the first systematic arrangement to enable workers to sort their material in a logical manner.
Linnaeus' famous work, Systema Naturę (10th edition) first fixed the taxonomy of the Cypraeidae in a way that made sense; the
International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature uses this work as the starting point for name priority in all animal
groups.
With this starting point in mind, subsequent work on the Cypraea can be traced through the literature in fairly definite
stages: the first stage is evidently the study of local populations; the second, the acceptance of possible environmental
influences, and the third would be the study of species and races in a broader sense. These are the essential stages to be
considered in the study of any shell family group.
After Linnaeus, many other naturalists contributed their work to subsequent volumes. Gmelin 1789-1791 is the author of the
13th Edition of Linnaeus' earlier work; he revised it by adding many new species and enlarging the bibliographic references.
Gmelin mentioned a total of 114 species of Cypraea.
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